Bibliography
Richard Estes
Bibliography
Selected Books
Hunter, Sam. American Art of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1972.
Kultermann, Udo. New Realism. Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Graphic Society, 1972.
Brachot, Isy, ed. Hyperréalisme. Imprimeries F. Van Buggenhoudt, 1973.
Sager, Peter. Neue Forman des Realismus. Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg, 1973.
Wilmerding, John, ed. The Genius of American Painting. New York: William Morrow, 1973
Lucie-Smith, Edward. Late Modern- The Visual Arts Since 1945. 2nd Edition, New York: Praeger, 1975.
Kultermann, Udo. Neue Formen des Bildes. Tubingen, West Germany: Verlag Ernst Wasmuth, 1975.
Chase, Linda. Hyperréalisme,.New York: Rizzoli, 1975.
Battock, Gregory, ed. Super Realism, A Critical Anthology. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1975.
Arnason, H.H. History of Modern Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1976.
Stebbins, Theodore E., Jr. American Master Drawing and Watercolors. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
Wilmerding, John. American Art. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1976.
Lipman, Jean, and Helen M. Franc. Bright Stars: American Painting and Sculpture Since 1976. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1976.
Cummings, Paul. Dictionary of Contemporary American Artists. 3rd ed., New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977.
Rose, Barbara, and Jules D. Brown. American Painting. New York: Skira, Rizzoli, 1977.
Lucie-Smith, Edward. Art Now: From Abstract Expressionism to Superrealism. New York: William Morrow, 1977
Tighe, Mary ann, and Elizabeth Ewing Lang. Art America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977
Adams, Hugh. Art of the Sixties. Oxford: Phaidon, 1978
Lipman, Jean, and Richard Marshall. Art About Art, New York: E.P. Dutton, 1978.
Arthur, John. Richard Estes: The Urban Landscape. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts and New York Graphic Society, 1978.
Lucie-Smith, Edward. Super Realism. Oxford: Phaidon, 1979.
Lindey, Christine. Superrealist Painting and Sculpture. William Morrow, 1980.
Arthur, John. Realist Drawings and Watercolors. Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1980.
Meisel, Louis K. Photo-Realism. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1980.
Arthur, John. Realism/Photorealism. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Southwestern Art Association, 1980.
Vogt, Paul. Contemporary Painting. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1981.
Vaizey, Marina. The Artist as Photographer, London: Sidwick & Jackson, 1982.
Meisel, Louis K. Richard Estes: The Complete Paintings 1966-1985. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1985.
Lucie-Smith, Edward. American Art Now. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1985.
Martin, Alvin. American Realism: 20th Century Drawings and Watercolors from the Glenn C. Janns Collection. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986.
De La Croix, Horst, and Richard Tansey. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1986.
Finch, Christopher. American Watercolors. New York: Abbeville Press, 1986.
Marshall, Richard. 50 New York Artists: A Critical Selection of Painters and Sculptors Working in New York,.San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books, 1987.
Robinson, Malcolm. The American Vision: Landscape Painting of the United States. New York: Portland House, 1988.
King, Elaine A. Artists Observed: Photographs by Harvey Stein. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988 (statement and photograph of Estes.)
Hartt, Frederick. Art: A History of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture (Third Edition). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1989.
Updike, John. Just Looking: Essays on Art. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1989.
Fischner-Rathus, Lois. Understanding Art. Second Edition, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989.
Wood, Michael, et. al. Art of the Western World. New York: Summit Books, 1989.
Arthur, John. Spirit of Place: Contemporary Landscape Painting and The American Tradition. Boston: Bulfinch Press, Little Brown, 1989.
Ferrier, Jean-Louis. Art of Our Century: The Chronicle of Western Art. Boston: Prentice Hall Editions, 1990.
Cirlot, Lourdes. Las Ultimas Tendenceas Pictoricas. Barcelona, Spain: Ediciones Vicens-Vives, S.A., 1990.
Glueck, Grace. New York: The Painted Cit., Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1992.
Arthur, John. Richard Estes: Paintings & Prints. New York: Chameleon Book, 1993.
Skolnick, Arnold, and Ilene Susan Fort. Paintings of California. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1993.
Polsky, Richard. Art Market Guide, Contemporary American Art, 1995.
Jansey, Richard G., and Fred Kleiner. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. 10th Edition, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996.
Art from the 20th Century, the Museum Ludwig Collection, Köln, Germany, Köln: Taschen, 1996.
Little, Carl. Art of the Maine Islands. Down East Books, Camden, Maine, 1997.
Meisel, Louis K. and Linda Chase. Photorealism at the Millenium. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2002.
Selected Articles
Levin, Kim. "Reviews and Previews." ARTnews, vol. 67, no. 1, April 1968, p. 12.
Constable, Rosalind. "Style of the Year: The Inhumanists." New York, vol. 1, no. 37, December 16, 1968, pp. 44-50, cover illustration.
Alloway, Lawrence. "Art." The Nation, December 29, 1969, pp. 741-42.
Burton, Scott. "Generation of Light, 1945-1969." ARTnews Annual 35 (Newsweek, Inc.), 1969, pp. 20-23.
Brumer, Miriam. "In the Galleries." Arts, vol. 43, no. 4, February 1969, p. 58.
Benedict, Michael. "Reviews and Previews." ARTnews, vol. 68, no. 1, March 1969, p. 17.
Canaday, John. "Realism: Waxing or Waning?" New York Times, July 13, 1969, sec. 2, p. 27.
Schjeldahl, Peter. "The Flowering of the Super-Real." New York Times, March 2, 1969, section 2, pp. D31, D33.
Shirley, David L. "The Gallery: It’s Happening Out There." Wall Street Journal, April 13, 1969, p. 14.
"Super Realism." Life, vol. 66, no. 25, June 27, 1969, pp. 44-50 A.
Tillim, Sidney. "A Variety of Realisms." Artforum, vol. 7, no. 10, Summer 1969, pp. 42-47.
Lichtblau, Charlotte. "Painters Use of Photographs Explored." Philadelphia Enquirer, February 1, 1970.
Alloway, Lawrence. "In the Museums: Paintings from the Photo." Arts, December 1, 1970.
Nordstorm, Sherry C. "Reviews and Previews." ARTnews, vol. 69, no. 3, May 1970. p. 28.
Stevens, Elizabeth. "The Camera’s Eye on Canvas." Wall Street Journal, January 6, 1970.
Stevens, Carol. "Message into Medium: Photography as an Artist’s Tool." Print, vol. XXIV, no. III, May 6, 1970, pp. 54-59.
"Visual Arts." Annual Report, National Endowment for the Arts/National Council on the Arts, 1970.
Marandel, J. Patrice. "The Deductive Image: Notes on some Figurative Painters." Art International, September 1971, pp. 58-61.
Genauer, Emily. "Art ‘72: The Picture is Brighter." New York Post, December 31, 1971.
Hickey, David. "Previews." Art in America, January-February, 1972, pp. 37-38.
Chase, Linda, Nancy Foote, and Ted McBurnett. "The Photo-Realists: 12 Interviews,"
Art in America, vol. 60, no. 6, November-December 1972, pp. 73-89.
Karp, Ivan. "Rent is the Only Reality, or the Hotel Instead of the Hymn." Arts, December 1972, pp. 47-51.
Amman, Jean Christophe. "Realismus." Flash Art, May-July 1972, pp. 50-52.
Canaday, John. "A Critic’s Valedictory; The Americanization of Modern Art and Other Upheavals." New York Times, August 8, 1972, sec. 2, pp. 1, 23.
"Cityscape." Arts, March 1972, p. 57.
Borden, Lizzie. "Cosmologies." Artforum, October 1972, pp. 45-50.
Davis, Douglas. "Art is Unnecessary. Or is it?" Newsweek, July 17, 1972, pp. 68-89.
Davis, Douglas. "Nosing Out Reality." Newsweek, August 14, 1972, p. 58.
"Documenta 5." Frankfurter Allemeine Zeitung, no. 155, July 8, 1972.
"Documenta Issue." Zeit Magazin, no, 31/4, August 1972, pp. 4-15.
Henry, Gerrit. "The Real Thing." Art International, vol. XVI, no. 6, Summer 1972, pp. 87-91, 194.
Hickey, David. "New York Reviews." Art in America, vol. 60, no. 2, March-April 1972, pp. 116-118.
Hughes, Robert. "The Realists as Corn God." Time, January 31, 1972, pp. 50-55.
"Hyperréalisme Arrive à Paris." Argus de la Presse, November 1972.
"L’Hyperréalisme ou le Retour aux Origines." Argus de la Presse, October 16, 1972.
Kramer, Hilton. "And Now, Pop Art: Phase II." New York Times, January 16, 1972.
Kurtz, Bruce. "Documenta 5: A Critical Preview." Arts, Summer 1972, pp. 34-41.
Lerman, Leo. "Sharp Focus Realism." Mademoiselle, March 1972, pp. 170-73.
Marvel, Bill. "Saggy Nudes? Giant Heads? Make Way for ‘Superrealism’." National Observer, January 29, 1972, p. 22.
Nesmer, Cindy. "New Realism." Arts, November 1972, p. 85.
"La Nouvelle Coqueluche: l’hyperréalisme." L’Express, October 30, 1972.
Perreault, John. "Reports, Forecasts, Surprises and Prizes." Village Voice, January 6, 1972, pp. 21-24.
Rose, Barbara. "Real, Realer, Realist." New York, vol. 5, no. 5, January 31, 1972, p. 50.
Rosenberg, Harold. "The Art World." The New Yorker, February 5, 1972, pp. 88-93.
Seitz, William C. "The Real and the Artificial: Painting of the New Environment." Art in America, November-December 1972, pp. 58-72.
Seldis, Henry J. "Documenta: Art is Whatever Goes On in Artist’s Head." Los Angeles Times Calendar, July 9, 1972.
Thornton, Gene. "These Must Have Been a Labor of Love." New York Times, January 23, 1972.
Wasmuth, E. "La révolte des réalistes." Connaissance des Arts, June 1972, pp. 118-23.
Hjort, Oysten. "Kunstmiljoeti Rhinlandet." Louisiana Revy, vol. 13, no. 3, February 1973.
Allen, Barbara. "In and Around." Interview, November 1973, p. 36.
Apuleo, Vito. "Tra Manifesto e illustrazione sino al rifiuto della scelta." La voce repubblicana, February 24, 1973, p. 5.
Beardsall, Judy. "Stuart M. Speiser Photorealist Collection." Art Gallery, vol. XVII, no. 1, October 1973, pp. 5, 29-34.
Bell, Jane. "Stuart M. Speiser Collection." Arts, December 1973, p. 57.
Bovi, Arturo di. "Arte/Piu brutto del brutto." Il Messaggiero, February 13, 1973, p. 3.
Chase, Linda. "Recycling Reality." Art Gallery, October 1973, pp. 75-82.
Chase, Linda and Ted McBurnett. "Interviews with Robert Bechtie, Tom Blackwell, Chuck Close, Richard Estes and John Salt." OPUS International, no. 44-45, June 1973, pp. 38-50.
"Don Eddy." Art International, December 20, 1973.
E. D. G. "Arrivano gli iperrealisti." Tribuna Letteraria, February 1973.
"European Galleries." International Herald Tribune, February 17-18, 1973, p. 6.
Giannattasio, Sandra. "Riproduce la Vita di Ogni Giorno la Nuova Pittura Americano." Avanti, February 8, 1973, p. 1.
Gilmour, Pat. "Photo-Realism." Arts Review, vol. 25, April 21, 1973, p. 249.
"Goings on About Town." The New Yorker, October 1, 1973.
Gosling, Nigel. "The Photo Finish." Observer Review (London), April 8, 1973.
Guercio, Antonio del. "Iperrealismo tra ‘pop’ e informale." Rinascita, no. 8, February 23, 1973, pp. 34.
Hart, John. "A ‘Hyperrealist’ U.S. Tour at La Medusa." Daily American (Rome), February 8, 1973.
Henry, Gerrit. "A Realist Twin Bill." ARTnews, January 1973, pp. 26-28.
La Mesa, Rina G. "Nel vuoto di emozioni." Sette Giorni, February 18, 1973, p. 31.
"The New Realism: A Synthetic Slice of Life." OPUS International, no. 44-45, June 1973, pp. 28-37.
La Mesa, Rina G. "Nel vuoto di emozioni." Sette Giorni, February 18, 1973, p. 31.
Lucie-Smith, Edward. "Super Realism from America." Illustrated London News, March 1973.
Maraini, Letizia. "Non fatevi sfuggire." Il Globo, February 6, 1973, p. 8.
Michael, Jacques. "Le super-réalisme." Le Monde, February 6, 1973, p. 23.
Marziano, Luciano. "Iperrealismo: la Coagulazione dell’effimero." Il Margutta (Rome), no. 3-4, March-April 1973.
Melville, Robert. "The Photograph as Subject." Architectural Review, vol. CLII, no. 915, May 1973, pp. 329-33.
Moulin, Raoul-Jean. "Hyperréalistes Américains." L’Humanite, January 16, 1973.
Perreault, John. "Airplane Art in a Head Wind." Village Voice, October 4, 1973, p. 24.
Piradel, Jean-Louis. "Paris I: Hyperréalists Américains," OPUS International, no. 39, 1973, pp. 51-52.
Restany, Pierre. "Sharp Focus: La Continuité Réaliste d’une Vision Américaine." Domus, August 1973.
Seldis, Henry J. "New Realism: Crisp Focus on the American Scene." Los Angeles Times, January 21, 1973, p. 54.
"The New Realism: A Synthetic Slice of Life." OPUS International, no. 44-45, June 1973, pp. 28-37.
Trucchi, Lorenza di. "Iperrealisti americani alla Medusa." Momento-sera, February 9-10, 1973, p. 8.
"L’hyperréalisme Américain." Le Monde des Grandes Musiques, no. 2, March-April 1973, pp. 4, 56-57.
"Hyperréalistes Américains." Art Press, December 1, 1973, p. 2.
Davis, Douglas. "Summing Up the Season." Newsweek, July 1, 1974, p. 73.
Picard, Lil. "In ... Out... und in Again." Kunstforum International, January 2, 1974.
Russell, John. "An Unnatural Silence Pervades Estes Paintings." New York Times, May 25, 1974.
Spector, Stephen. "The Super Realists." Architectural Digest, November-December 1974, pp. 84-89.
Teysedre, Bernard. "Plus vrai que nature." Le Nouvel Observateur, February 25-March 3, 1974, p. 59.
Gibson, Michael. "Paris Show Asks a Question: What is Reality?" International Herald Tribune, February 23-24, 1974, p. 7.
Kelley, Mary Lou. "Pop-Art Inspired Objective Realism." Christian Science Monitor, March 1, 1974.
Alliata, Vicky. "American Essays on Super-Realism." Domus, no. 536, July 1974, pp. 52-54.
"ARS’74/Helsinki." Art International, May 1974, pp. 38-39.
Michael, Jacques. "La ‘mondialisation’ de l’hyperrealisme." Le Monde, February 24, 1974.
Moulin, Raoul-Jean. "Les Hyperréalistes Américains et la Neutralisation du Réel." L’Humanite, March 21, 1974.
Perreault, John. "Critics Bogged and Mired." Village Voice, May 30, 1974, pp. 33-34.
Nemser, Cindy. "The Close up Vision." Arts, vol. 48, no. 5, February 1974.
Raymond, Herbert. "The Real Estes." Art and Artists, vol. 9, August 1974, pp. 24-29.
Rose, Barbara. "Keeping Up with American Art." Vogue, June 1974.
Rose, Barbara. "Treacle and Trash." New York, no. 21, May 27, 1974, pp. 80-81.
Spear, Marilyn W. "An Art Show That is for Real." Worcester (Massachusetts) Telegram, February 24, 1974, sec. E.
Shirley, David L. "A New Realism is on Display at Queens Museum," New York Times, December 15, 1974, sec. BQLI, p. 18.
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, vol. XXXV, no. 1, September 1974.
Walsh, Sally. "Paintings That Look Like Photos." Rochester (New York)
Democrat and Chronicle, January 17, 1974.
"Worcester Art Museum Hosts Major Painting Exhibition." Hudson-Sun/Enterprise-Sun, (Worcester, Massachusetts), February 26, 1974.
Campbell, Lawrence. "Reviews." ARTnews, vol. 73, no. 7, September 1974, p. 114.
Butler, Joseph T. "America (Three Realists: Close, Estes, and Raffael)." The Connoisseur, vol. 186, no. 748, June 1974, pp. 142-43.
Chase, Linda. "The Connotation of Denotation." Arts, February 1974, pp. 38-41.
Coleman, A. D. "From Today Painting is Dead." Camera 35, July 1974, pp. 34, 36-37, 78.
Davis, Douglas. "Is Photography Really Art?" Newsweek, October 21, 1974, p. 69.
Frank, Peter. "On Art." SoHo Weekly News, April 18, 1974, p. 14.
Frank, Peter. "On Art," SoHo Weekly News, May 16, 1974, pp. 19, 22.
"Gallerie." L’Espresso (Rome), no. 9, March 9, 1974.
Hartman, Rose. "In and Around." SoHo Weekly News, April 18, 1974, p. 4.
Hemphill, Chris. "Estes." Andy Warhol’s Interview, vol. IV, no. 11, October 1974, pp. 42-43.
Hughes, Robert. "An Omnivorous and Literal Dependence." Arts, June 1974, pp. 25-29.
Lorin, John. "Photographic Illusionist Prints." Arts, February 1974, pp. 42-43.
"Photo-Realism Flies High at Paine." Milwaukee Journal, May 1975.
Wolfe, Tom. "The Painted Word." Harper’s, April 1975, pp. 91, 92.
Crossley, Mimi. "Best Collection Shows Certain Life Style." Houston Post, September 14, 1975.
Hull, Roger. "Realism in Art Returns with Camera’s Clarity." Portland Oregonian, September 14, 1975.
Lucie-Smith, Edward. "The Neutral Style." Art and Artists, vol. 10, no. 5, August 1975, pp. 6-15.
"Photographic Realism." Art-Rite, no. 9, Spring 1975, p. 15.
Richard, Paul. "Whatever You Call It, Super Realism Comes On with a Flash." Washington Post, November 25, 1975, p. B1.
Chase, Linda. "Photo-Realism: Post Modernist Illusionism." Art International, vol. XX, no. 3-4, March-April 1976, pp. 14-27.
Chase, Linda. "Richard Estes: Radical Conservative." New Lugano Review, vol. 8-9, 1976, pp. 50, 62, 227-28.
"Face of the Land." Time, July 5, 1976, pp. 78-79.
Patton, Phil. "Books, Super-Realism: A Critical Anthology." Artforum, vol. XIV, no. 5, January 1976, pp. 52-54.
Rosenblum, Robert. "Painting America First." Art in America, January-February 1976, pp. 82-85.
Forgey, Benjamin. "The New Realism: Paintings Worth 1,000 Words." Washington Star, November 30, 1976, p. G24.
Artner, Alan. "Mirroring the Merits of a Showing of Photo-Realism." Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1976.
Hoelterhoff, Manuela. "Strawberry Tarts Three Feet High." Wall Street Journal, April 21, 1976.
K. M. "Realism." New Art Examiner, November 1976.
Lucie-Smith, Edward. "Realism Rules: O.K?" Art and Artists, vol. 11, no. 6, September 1976, pp. 8-15.
"Richard Estes: Woolworth’s America." Artweek, April 2, 1977, cover.
"Illusion and Reality." This Week in Brisbane, June 1977.
Makin, Jeffrey. "Realism from the Squad." Melbourne Sun, October 19, 1977, p. 43.
McGrath, Sandra. "I Am Almost a Camera." The Australian (Brisbane), July 27, 1977.
"Photo-Realism and Related Trends." New York Times, February 4, 1977.
The Museum of Modern Art Members’ Calendar, May 1977
Borlase, Nancy. "In Selecting a Common Domestic Object." Sydney Morning Herald, July 30, 1977.
Brown, Gordon. "Arts Reviews." Arts, vol. 51, no. 10, June 1977, p. 48.
Glueck, Grace. "The 20th Century Artists Most Admired by Other Artists." ARTnews, November 1977.
Greenwood, Mark. "Toward a Definition of Realism: Reflections on the Rothman’s Exhibition." Arts/Canada, vol. XXIV, no. 210-11, December 1976-January 1977, pp. 6-23.
Grishin, Sasha. "An Exciting Exhibition." Canberra Times, February 16, 1977.
Hocking, Ian. "Something for All at Art Gallery." News Adelaide, September 7, 1977.
Ashbery, John. "1976 and All That." New York, April 3, 1978, pp. 63-64.
Harris, Helen. "Art and Antiques: The New Realists." Town and Country, October 1978, pp. 242, 244, 246-47.
Kramer, Hilton. "A Brave Attempt to Encapsulate a Decade." New York Times, December 17, 1978, p. 39.
Mackie, Alwynne. "New Realism and the Photographic Look." American Art Preview, November 1978, pp. 12-34, 72-79.
Patton, Phil. "The Brush is Quicker than the Eye." Horizon, June 1978, pp. 66-69.
Perreault, John. "Photo Realist Principles." American Art Review, November 1978, pp. 108-11, 141.
"Photo Journalism and Photo Realism." Milwaukee Journal, December 10, 1978.
Richard, Paul. "New Smithsonian Art: From ‘The Sublime’ to Photo Realism." Washington Post, November 30, 1978, p. G21.
Muchnic, Suzanne. "A Habit of Romantic Fantasy." Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1978, p. 7.
Arthur, John. "Richard Estes: Interview on his Graphics." Print Collector’s Newsletter, 1979.
Harshman, Barbara. "Photo-Realist Printmaking." Arts, February 1979, p. 137.
Arthur, John. "Conversation with Richard Estes." Architectural Digest, October 1982.
Baigell, Matthew. "Reflections on/of Richard Estes." Art Criticism, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 16-25.
Crichlow, Beth. "Change of Scene." Down East, June 1991, pp. 62-64.
Schjeldahl, Peter. "Order Aura: Richard Estes." Village Voice, May 28, 1991, p. 95.
Harrison, Helen A. "Richard Estes’s Silk-Screen Interpretations of Cityscapes." The New York Times, (Long Island edition), October 11, 1992.
"Scenic America." Geijutsu Shincho, March 1992.
Slonim, Jillian. "The Art of the Print: Richard Estes." Art: The Newsletter of the American Federation of Arts, Autumn 1992.
"American Realsim & Figurative Art: 1950-1990." Apo, January 23, 1992.
Bellet, Harry, "Figures en vrac." Le Monde, October 15, 1993, p. 17.
Little, Carl. "Author Enlightens Reader on Artist." The Bar Harbor Times, August 19, 1993, p. C12.
Waddington, Chris. "Taking Realism to the Edge." Times-Picayune, September 3, 1993.
Spiegel, Olga. "El CCCB reune mil retratos de Barcelona, del siglo XVI hasta hoy."
La Vanguardia, April 26, 1995, p. 39.
McKenzie, Michael. "Photorealism Retouched Upon Or The Importance of Being Estes." Cover, May 1995, pp. 18-19.
Review of Exhibition at Marlborough, Kunstmarkt, May 20, 1995, p. 35
"Realism: When a Rose is a Rose." ARTnews, February 1996, p. 93.
King, Carol. "Realsim: The New Hip." ARTnews, February 1997.
Fernandez, Jaime. "Saura y Estes, doe visiones diferentes del arte actual," Ya de Madrid, January 16, 1998, p. 39.
Gallero, Jose Luis. "Richard Estes la otra orilla de la realidad," ABC Cultural, January 16, 1998, p. 25.